Project Engineer Mac OS

1. Project Engineer Mac Os 11
2. Project Engineer Mac Os Download
3. Os Project Software Reviews
4. Project Engineer Mac Os X

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Reverse engineering is the direct opposite of building or engineering an application: you break things down bit by bit to see how they actually work. Developers incorporate reverse engineering techniques to solve tasks from investigating bugs in code to ensuring smooth and easy legacy code maintenance. Hard time mac os.

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When reverse engineering software, the operating system it was created for should be one of the first things you pay attention to. In this article, we describe how to decompile macOS software and iOS apps. This tutorial will be useful for developers who want to know more about macOS software and iOS apps reverse engineering.

Contents:

Why do we need reverse engineering? The answer is rather simple.

When you build a piece of software, you usually have all of the source code available and can take a look at the source code at any time. So figuring out how a particular process or feature works shouldn't be too much of a challenge.

But what if you have an executable and you need to figure out how it works without access to any source code? The solution is obvious: you need to reverse engineer it.

There are several reasons why you might need to use reverse engineering:

• To research complicated software issues
• To improve software compatibility with third-party solutions and formats
• To improve interactions between software and the platform
• To provide easy maintenance of legacy code
• And more

Below, we take a closer look at the basic structure of an executable, briefly cover reversing Objective-C and Swift code, list several of the most popular tools for reverse engineering macOS and iOS apps, and give some reverse engineering tips for a number of use cases.

Let's start with some basics that you need to know before you try to reverse engineer your first executable.

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Before you start reversing

If you've finally decided to reverse engineer binary, then you should understand that some parts of it probably contain executable code. Therefore, before you even start reversing a piece of software, you need to learn the executable binary structure.

Executable binary format

In the world of Mach kernel-based operating systems, it's common to use the Mach-O executable format. These executables can be inside thin or fat binary files. Here's how these two types of binaries differ:

• A thin binary contains a single Mach-O executable
• A fat binary may contain many Mach-O executables

We use fat binaries to merge executable code in one single file for different CPU instruction sets.

Here's the basic structure of a Mach-O executable:

Let's take a closer look at each component.

Every binary begins with a header. This is a key part of every executable for macOS and iOS. It's the first part of the executable read by the loader during image loading.

A fat binary begins with a fat header, while a thin binary begins with a mach header. Every header starts with a magicnumber used to identify it.

A fat header describes the locations of mach headers for executables in a binary. A mach header describes general information about the current executable file.

A mach header contains load commands that represent several things crucial for image loading:

• Segments and sections of the executable and its mapping to virtual memory
• Paths to the linked dynamic libraries
• Location of tables of symbols
• Code signature

Segments are typically large pieces of an executable file mapped by a loader to some location in the virtual address space.

In the image above, you can see a lot of information about the chosen segment:

• Offset in the current executable
• Size
• Address
• Size of the region appointed for segment mapping
• Segment attributes

All segments consist of sections. A section is part of the segment that's intended to store some specific type of content. For example, the __text section of the __TEXT segment contains executable code, and the __la_symbol_ptr section of the DATA segment contains a table of pointers to so-called lazy external symbols.

Every dynamic library dependency is described by a load command containing the path to the dynamic library binary file and its version.

In addition, load commands contain the following information critical for the operation of executable code:

• Location of symbol tables
• Location of import and stub tables
• Location of the table with information for the dynamic loader

Spin palace casino download. The main symbol table contains all symbols used in the current executable. Every locally or externally defined symbol or even stub (which can be generated for an external call that executes through an import table) is mentioned here. This table is divided into three parts, showing whether the symbol is debug, local, or external. Every entry in the main symbol table represents a particular part of the executable code by specifying the offset of its name in the string table, type, section ordinal, and other type-specific information. Behind the fence mac os.

There's a string table that contains names of symbols defined in the main symbol table. There's also a dynamic symbol table that links import table entries to the appropriate symbol. In addition, there's one more table that contains information used by the dynamic loader for every external symbol.

Read also:
How to Reverse Engineer (Windows) Software the Right Way

Code signature data

A code signature can also be rather helpful when reverse engineering a binary. While a code signature is one of the poorly documented (but still open-source) parts of an executable, its content can be displayed by means of the codesign tool (see the image below).

Code signature data contains a number of important elements:

• Code directory
• Сode signing requirements
• Description of sealed resources
• Entitlements
• Code signature

Let's take a closer look at each element.

The code directory is a structure that contains miscellaneous information (hash algorithm, table size, size of code pages, etc.) and a table of hashes. The table itself consists of two parts: positive and negative.

The positive part of the table of hashes contains hashes of executable code pages.

The negative part optionally contains hashes of such code signature parts as code signing requirements, resources, and entitlements, as well as a hash of the Info.plist file.

Code signing requirements, resources, and entitlements are just bytestreams of the appropriate files located inside a bundle.

The code signature is an encrypted code directory represented in CMS format.

Architectures

One more thing you should pay special attention to before you learn how to reverse engineer a macOS or iOS app is the architecture it was designed for. Modern desktop devices usually use x86-64 CPUs. Mobile devices use ARMv7, ARMv7s, ARMv8-A, ARMv8.2-A, ARMv8.3-A, and ARM64 CPUs.

Knowledge of instruction sets is important when reverse engineering algorithms. In addition, it's good to be familiar with calling conventions and some things specific to ARM-based systems on a chip (SoC), like thumb mode and opcodes format.

Caches

Nowadays, all system frameworks and dynamic libraries are merged into a single file called the shared cache. This file is located at the following address: /System/Library/Caches/com.apple.dyld/.

These are the basic things you need to know about before doing any reverse engineering. Now let's talk about the macOS and iOS reverse engineering tools that can help you on this journey.

Read also:
Restoring Classes – Useful Tips for Software Reverse Engineers

Software reverse engineering tools

Below are standard command-line tools for reverse engineering iOS and macOS apps. These tools are available out of the box on Mac:

• lldb is a powerful debugger used in Xcode. You can use this tool to reverse engineer and debug code written in C++, Objective-C, and C. lldb allows you to debug code on both actual iOS devices and simulators.
• otool is a console tool for browsing and editing in mach-o executables. It displays specified parts of libraries and object files.
• nm is a console tool for browsing names and symbols in mach-o executables.
• codesign is a useful tool for working with code signatures. It provides comprehensive information on code signatures and allows for creating and manipulating them.

In addition, there are several third-party reverse engineering utilities:

• IDA
• MachOView
• Class-dump
• Hopper
• Dsc_extractor
• Ghidra

Let's look closer at each of these utilities.

IDA (Interactive DisAssembler) is one of the most famous and widely used reverse engineering tools. IDA is a disassembler and debugger that's suitable for performing complex research of executables. It's a cross-platform tool that runs on macOS, Windows, and Linux.

IDA can be used for disassembling software designed for macOS, Windows, and Linux platforms. The program has a free evaluation version with limited functionality. There's also a paid version, IDA Pro, which supports a wider range of processors and plugins.

MachOView is a utility that works similarly to the otool and nm console tools. The key difference is that MachOView does have a GUI, so you can browse the structure of mach-o files in a more comfortable way. In fact, MachOView was used to make most of the screenshots you see in this article. MachOView is free to use, but unfortunately, it isn't always stable.

Class-dump is a free command-line utility for analyzing the Objective-C segment of mach-o files. With class-dump, you can get pretty much the same information as from otool but in the form of standard Objective-C declarations. In particular, class-dump creates declarations for classes, categories, and protocols.

Hopper is an interactive tool for disassembling, decompiling, and debugging software and applications. Similarly to IDA, Hopper has a free version with a limited set of features in addition to a paid version. Hopper was designed for Linux and macOS and works best for retrieving Objective-C specific information from the analyzed binary.

Dsc_extractor is Apple's own open-source tool for extracting libraries and frameworks from dyld_shared_cache. When extracting data, the utility saves the locations and original names of all extracted objects.

Ghidra is an open-source reverse engineering framework provided by the NSA. It supports macOS, Windows, and Linux. Ghidra can be used as a decompiler, as well as a tool for performing such tasks as assembling/disassembling, graphing, and scripting code. It can be customized with the help of scripts and plugins written in Java or Python.

Read also:
9 Best Reverse Engineering Tools for 2019

Specifics of programming languages

Now, let's look at some of the specifics of reverse engineering code written in particular programming languages. Within this article, we focus on the peculiarities of reverse engineering solutions written in Objective-C and Swift.

How to reverse engineer Objective-C code

Objective-C is commonly used for developing applications for macOS and iOS. It relies on a specific C runtime, which somewhat simplifies the process of reverse engineering.

Let's consider a simple code from an actual application:

Which Mac operating system is the best is a topic of numerous debates among Apple fans.

Since the mission of this blog is to refute myths and legends around Macs, it's time for me to provide my 2 cents about the issue on hand. While everything below is just my opinion, as a long-time Mac user and veteran software engineer, I hope my opinion worth something.

The best Mac OS version is the one that your Mac is eligible to upgrade to. In 2021 it is macOS Big Sur. However, for users that need to run 32-bit apps on Mac, the best macOS is Mojave. Also, older Macs would benefit if upgraded at least to macOS Sierra for which Apple still releases security patches.

How to Tell Which macOS You Are Running

To find out which macOS is currently running on your Mac, follow these steps:

1. Click on Apple logo in the top left corner of the menubar
2. In the dropdown click on the first item: About This Mac
3. The first line in the Overview tab is the name of the current OS.

What Version of OS Can My Mac Run?

Not all Macs can be upgraded to the latest OS version. For instance, old Macs powered by PowerPC CPUs cannot run OS intended for Intel-based computers. Also, some versions have hardware limitations.

For instance, Mojave cannot be installed on MacBook Pro earlier than Mid 2012 model.

Check below to know exactly what version of OS your Mac can run.

Which OS is Best for my Mac

Anytime someone asks me which OS is best for them I always suggested going with the latest. Things have changed recently, however.

Should I Upgrade to macOS Catalina or Big Sur?

While personally I like macOS Big Sur and have it installed on my MacBook Pro, it comes with serious breaking changes.

The first issue is compatibility.

Big Sur is a transition OS which is designed to help Apple to move from Intel processors to their own chips on ARM.

After I installed Big Sur on my MacBook Pro mid 2020 (pre-Silicon), most of my apps, including Microsoft Office, were working as expected.

However, my VMWare Fusion 11 does not start anymore, so I have to purchase a new license if I want to keep using it (or roll back to Catalina). Luckily, I took a full backup before the upgrade.

The second breaking issue is the lack of 32-bit app support.

macOS Catalina and Big Sur can only run 64-bit apps.

If you wondering whether you should upgrade to macOS Catalina or Big Sur, first verify that you don't have any 32-bit apps. But first, take a back up, so you can go back in case something breaks after the upgrade.

For instance, I had to remove uTorrent after upgrade. And I didn't know that uTorrent is 32-bit!

How to Know If App is 32-bit or 64-bit

To find out whether the app on your Mac is 32-bit or 64-bit follow these steps:

1. Click on Apple logo in the top left corner of the Mac screen
2. Click on About This Mac option
3. Click on System Report button in Overview tab (first one)
4. Scroll down to Software -> Applications
5. Find the app and check Kind

Which macOS Should I Use

If you have an older Mac which is not eligible to upgrade with some latest software or hardware, I'd suggest upgrading at least to Sierra (or better High Sierra) for the following reasons:

• Sierra is still supported by Apple, and it gets security updates
• APFS file system is available
• It supports Siri
• Significant security improvements

The most important point when choosing the best OS is the ability to get security updates. While Apple generally does not announce the OS end of life dates, it is possible to know when they stop releasing security updates from this page.

For instance, according to the page, the last security update for OS X Yosemite was released on September 12, 2017. The last update for OS X El Capitan was in July 2018, and Carnegie Mellon University confirmed that El Capitan's end of life date was August 2018.

Snow Leopard Myth

Voice zombie mac os. I know that some users on forums believe that the best OS version for Macs was Snow Leopard. But that is a myth. And I know how such myths get created.

Once I worked in the company, which was selling a 20-year old product. And customers were still using and didn't want to switch to new versions, because the old one was rock solid. Crazy delivery mac os.

I then talked to the engineer who worked on the project, and he revealed that the product was a total disaster when it was first deployed. Engineers had to work on-site for almost a year in order to fix all bugs.

After five or so years of polishing the product, it becomes virtually bug-free, and nobody now remembers how bad it was when it was first rolled out. A similar thing happened Snow Leopard, and it was recognized as best mac os version after some time.

How to Update to the Latest Version

There are two ways to update to the latest OS version on Mac:

• From the Software Update section in System Preferences
• Use a download link

Using Software Update

This is by far the best option, but it only available if you have Yosemite, or later OS installed already. If you enabled automatic updates, then Mac will inform you that the next macOS is available.

Just open System Preferences, go to Software Update and click on the Upgrade Now button.

This method is also best if wondering how to check if you have the latest version of OS installed on your Mac. Only the version compatible with your hardware will appear here.

For instance, my the latest version for Mac Mini 2012 is Mojave, I can't install anything newer than that.

If you are having problems with updates or having issues post-upgrade check my post about troubleshooting macOS.

Using download links

For older systems or in case you need to downgrade, you have to download a standalone installer in DMG format. https://hereufile887.weebly.com/run-for-it-mac-os.html. DMG stands for disk image, similar to ISO, just different formats.

After downloading the installer, just double click on it and follow instructions. Again, do not forget to take a backup before the upgrade.

Mac OS Comparisons: Requirements, Features, Compatibility, Download Links

Following is a high-level description of all Mac operating systems as early as Mountain Lion.

You can refer to those descriptions when deciding which operating system is best for your iMac, Mac Pro, Mac mini, or MacBook.

With each OS description, I included a list of Macs supported. However, you can use Mac OS compatibility checker for more detailed information.

macOS 11 Big Sur

macOS v11 (codename Big Sur) is the latest version of the operating system for Apple computers.

Release date: October 13, 2020

Hardware Requirements: RAM requirement 4GB. Big Sur is the first OS to support new Macs using ARM technology (in the future).

Features

• The biggest design refresh since macOS X.
• Support for new ARM processors.
• Safar improved performance and power consumption.
• Time Machine supports backup to APFS volumes.
• One-click translation for 7 languages.
• Redesigned maps

Software Compatibility Issues

Only 64-bit apps are allowed to run on Big Sur.

How to install

There are two ways to install Big Sur: enable automatic updates in System Preferences or download by using the following link.

Or check my post with tips on installing macOS on unsupported devices.

List of Apple computers compatible with macOS Big Sur

• MacBook (2015 and later)
• MacBook Air (2013 and later)
• MacBook Pro (2013 and later)
• Mac mini (2014 and later)
• iMac models (2014 and later)
• iMac Pro (2017 and later)
• Mac Pro (2013 and later)

macOS 10.15 Catalina

Release date: October 7, 2019

Hardware Requirements: RAM requirement increased from 2GB to 4GB.

Features

• Introduced Sidecar, which allows for Macs to use an iPad as an external display.
• iTunes was replaced by separate apps: Music, Podcasts, and TV.
• Find My Mac and Find My Friends have merged into one app.

Software Compatibility Issues

macOS Catalina is the first Mac operating system that does not support 32-bit applications. Only 64-bit apps are allowed to run on Catalina.

How to install

There are two ways to install Catalina: enable automatic updates in System Preferences or download by using the following link.

List of Apple computers compatible with macOS Catalina

• MacBook (Early 2015 or later)
• MacBook Air (Mid 2012 or later)
• MacBook Pro (Mid 2012 or later)
• Mac mini (Late 2012 or later)
• iMac models (Late 2012 or later)
• iMac Pro (All models)
• Mac Pro (Late 2013)

macOS 10.14 Mojave

Release date: September 24, 2018

Hardware Requirements: 2GB RAM and 18.5GB free space on disk

Features

• The main feature of Mojave is 'Dark Mode'
• FaceTime adds group feature which allows chatting with up to 32 people
• News, Stocks, Voice Memos, and Home apps were ported from iOS to Mac.

How to install

If your Mac is eligible to update to Mojave, then the easiest way to install it is by enabling automatic updates. Downloading a standalone Mojave installer could be a little tricky.

List of Apple computers compatible with macOS Mojave

• MacBook (Early 2015 or later)
• MacBook Air (Mid 2012 or later)
• MacBook Pro (Mid 2012 or later)
• Mac mini (Late 2012 or later)
• iMac (Late 2012 or later)
• iMac Pro (All models)
• Mac Pro (Late 2013 and 2010-2012 models with upgraded GPU)

Project Engineer Mac Os 11

macOS 10.13 High Sierra

Release date: September 25, 2017

Hardware Requirements: 2GB RAM and 14.3GB free space on disk

Features

• APFS (Apple File System) becomes the default file system in High Sierra. It's a significant upgrade from the older HFS+ in terms of speed, size, and security
• iCloud support of Messages which allows sync messages of the account across multiple devices
• Mail app uses 35% less storage space due to optimizations

List of Apple computers compatible with macOS High Sierra

• MacBook (Late 2009 or newer)
• MacBook Pro (Mid 2010 or newer)
• MacBook Air (Late 2010 or newer)
• Mac mini (Mid 2010 or newer)
• iMac (Late 2009 or newer)
• Mac Pro (Mid 2010 or newer)

How to install

Here is a High Sierra download link.

macOS 10.12 Sierra

This is the first macOS version. Previous OS versions for Macs were called OS X (X stands for 10).

Release date: September 20, 2016

Hardware Requirements: 2GB RAM and 8GB free space on disk

Features

• Siri was introduced to Macs
• Optimized storage with iCloud sync
• Auto-lock feature allows unlocking MacBook with paired Apple Watch
• APFS preview available
• Disk Utility can manage RAID sets again
• Significant security improvements

How to install

Here is a Sierra download link.

List of Apple computers compatible with macOS Sierra

• MacBook (Late 2009 or newer)
• MacBook Pro (Mid 2010 or newer)
• MacBook Air (Late 2010 or newer)
• Mac mini (Mid 2010 or newer)
• iMac (Late 2009 or newer)
• Mac Pro (Mid 2010 or newer)

OS X 10.11 El Capitan

Last OS X version.

Release date: September 30, 2015 Assimilated mac os.

Hardware Requirements: 2GB RAM and 8GB free space on disk

Features

• System Integrity Protection – a security feature that protects even when the root user executes the process
• Performance improvements: open PDF files four times faster, Mail is twice faster, launching apps 40% faster
• Notes app similar to the app in iOS

Macs compatible with OS X El Capitan

same as OS Mountain Lion.

How to install

Here is El Capitan download link.

OS X 10.10 Yosemite

Release date: October 16, 2014

Hardware Requirements: 2GB RAM and 8GB free space on disk

Project Engineer Mac Os Download

Macs compatible with OS X Yosemite

Same as OS Mountain Lion.

Features

Os Project Software Reviews

• Major user design overhaul
• Introduction of Handoff and Continuity features
• Photos app replaced iPhoto and Aperture

How to install

Here is Yosemite download link.

OS X 10.9 Mavericks

First free Mac OS. Previous OS versions vary from $19.99 to $129.

Release date: October 22, 2013

Hardware Requirements: 2GB RAM and 8GB free space on disk

Features

• Compressed Memory feature automatically compresses inactive apps when approaching maximum memory capacity
• Timer coalescing is a feature that reduces CPU usage by up to 72 percent
• App Nap puts apps that are not currently visible to sleep

Macs compatible with OS X Mavericks

Same as OS Mountain Lion.

How to install

OS X Mavericks installer is not available on Apple Site. Follow instructions here to install Mavericks.

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion

Must be purchased. Fixed many bugs introduced in OS X Lion.

Release date: July 25, 2012

System Requirements: 2GB RAM and 8GB free space on disk

Features

• New apps: Notification Center, Notes, Messages, Game Center
• AirPlay mirroring allowed to mirror Mac screen to Apple TV
• Application updates automatically install from the App Store

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List of Apple computers compatible with OS X Mountain Lion

• iMac (Mid-2007 or newer)
• MacBook (Late 2008 Aluminum, or Early 2009 or newer)
• MacBook Air (Late 2008 or newer)
• MacBook Pro (Mid/Late 2007 or newer)
• Mac mini (Early 2009 or newer)
• Mac Pro (Early 2008 or newer)
• Xserve (Early 2009)

How to install

Mountain Lion installer is not available on Apple Site. Follow instructions here to install OS X Mountain Lion.

List of older Mac OS Versions

Following Mac OS versions are still running on older Macs, but Apple does not support them anymore, and there is no point to upgrade (or downgrade) to them:

• OS X 10.7 Lion
• OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard
• Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard
• Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger
• Mac OS X 10.3 Panther
• Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar
• Mac OS X 10.1 Puma
• Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah